# Literal suffixes matter in C++

September 1, 2014

As I was debugging a problem in some C++ code last week, I couldn’t help thinking about Gary Bernhardt’s “Wat” lightning talk. Sometimes, I run across problems that seem so inconceivable, Wat!?!? is the only appropriate reaction. After a colleague pointed out the oddly simple solution to this problem (it is the proper use of a literal suffix), I learned something new about C++ that I wanted to share.

## What does this code print?##

Here is the seemingly simple code that did not work as I expected:

Now compile and run this code (I used Visual Studio 2013):

C:\>cl /nologo /EHsc wat.cpp
wat.cpp
C:\>wat.exe
2147483648 <-- Wat!?!?


Is this a bug in the compiler? Why did it print a positive value when I explicitly set the value of the wat variable to a negative value? Let’s try something else:

C:\>cl /nologo /EHsc wat.cpp
wat.cpp
C:\>wat.exe
wat: 2147483648 <-- Wat!?!?
wat_32: -2147483648 <-- !(Wat!?!?)


How are these two assignments different? The 32-bit integer looks like I would expected, but the 64-bit integer is still wrong. Let’s look at the actual bits (via hexadecimal):

C:\>cl /nologo /EHsc wat.cpp
wat.cpp
C:\>wat.exe
wat: 0x80000000
wat_32: 0x80000000


My initial response to this output was Wat!?!?!?!?!?! After that mental outburst, it was time to ask my colleagues:

me: Wat!?!?
colleague: Try a suffix.
me: A what?
colleague: LL
me: Oh, yeah

So, I tried a suffix:

to which the compiler dutifully responded:

C:\>cl /nologo /EHsc wat.cpp
wat.cpp
C:\>wat.exe
wat: -2147483648 0xffffffff80000000
wat_32: -2147483648 0x80000000


Now the cause of the problem was clear. Without the literal suffix LL the compiler was correctly zero extending the 32-bit integer literal value -2147483648 to 64-bits which actually has a value of 2147483648. I had to explicitly tell the compiler that I want to treat the literal as a 64-bit integer using the LL suffix.

## Who writes code like this?##

This looks like a contrived example, but it really wasn’t. The value -2147483648 happens to be the minimum value of a 32-bit integer minus 1. I’m working on the team building il2cpp, and I was implementing the IL opcode conv.ovf.i4, which attempts to convert a value on the stack to a 32-bit signed integer, and throws an exception if the value is too great. During that process, I discovered that the code generated for the ldc.i8 opcode wasn’t working as expected.

The ldc.i8 opcode loads a given 64-bit integer onto the evaluation stack. The C++ code generated by il2cpp for the ldc.i8 instruction looked like this:

I could see in the C++ debugger that the value in the L_20_System_Int64 variable was not correct. Indeed, the lack of a literal suffix was the cause. After a simple change to the il2cpp code generation method for ldc.i8, the correct C++ code was generated, and the conv.ovf.i4 test worked as expected.

## Literal suffixes do matter##

I was surprised to see the effort in C++11 to get user-defined literal suffixes into the standard. After this experience though, I have a new found respect for these seemingly innocuous characters, and the importance they can play in the correct execution of a program.